Mary Abigail Moreno

English 105.08

Professor Gill-Mayberry

24 February 2015

“The best writing is re-writing”: 2nd Draft, 1 Tutorial, 0 Teacher Conference

12 Scholarly Sources on Images, Media, and Privacy: Critical Reading Journals

PRO:

Becker, Anne E. "Television, Disordered Eating, and Young Women in Fiji: Negotiating Body Image and Identity During Rapid Social Change.” Everything's an Argument: With Readings. Lunsford, Andrea A., John J. Ruszkiewicz, and Keith Walters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007. 592-600. Print.

          Anne Becker, writer of the article “Television, Disordered Eating, and Young Women in Fiji: Negotiating Body Image and Identity During Rapid Social Change,” claims the impact of media is causing eating disorders on Fijian women. The writer provides relevant evidences to support her claims, which includes examples demonstrating the response of Fijian girls on media, which affected their perspectives on ideal appearances. The writer argues the role of media in invoking the idea regarding the importance of having a thin body shape in attaining career success and improved social position for Fijian women. As Becker stated, “television has certainly imported more than just images associating appearances with material success; it has arguably enhanced reflexivity about the possibility of reshaping one’s body and life trajectory and popularized the notion of competitive social positing” (594-95). Becker utilized an objective tone and formal language in presenting her claims, to establish a stronger argument and better connection with the audience. Moreover, the writer is reasonable in her argument because she provides adequate evidences to support her claims. The argument is logical because the writer presents her claims and supported them with evidences, which demonstrates deductive reasoning. Furthermore, the writer did not commit any fallacy. Overall, the article convinced me that the media causes eating disorders on Fijian girls because television encourages them to reshape their bodies to have better opportunities and social status.

PRO:

Goodman, Ellen. "The Culture of Thin Bites Fiji." Everything's an Argument: With Readings. Lunsford, Andrea A., John J. Ruszkiewicz, and Keith Walters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007. 589-91. Print.

          Ellen Goodman, writer of the article “The Culture of Think Bites Fiji,” claims media as a catalyst for the inferior representation of large women in society. The writer provides adequate evidences to support her claim, which includes statistics and related research studies. She explains how Fijian girls with large frames viewed themselves beautiful and how the media changed this perspective. As Goodman states, “In just 38 months, and with only one channel, a television-free culture that defined a fat person as robust has become a television culture that sees robust as, well, repulsive” (589). The writer argues media as a strong influential factor on the way women perceive their appearances, particularly their body shapes. Goodman utilized a direct tone and casual language in presenting her claims, to establish a better connection with her audience. Moreover, the writer is reasonable in her argument because she provides relevant and adequate evidences to support her claims. The argument is logical because the writer presents evidence before stating her claims, which demonstrates inductive reasoning. Furthermore, the writer did not commit any fallacy. Overall, the article convinced me that media changes the perspectives of women regarding their appearances because it creates an inferior view on women with large frames.

PRO:

Goodman, W. Charisse. "One Picture is Worth a Thousand Diets.” Everything's an Argument: With Readings. Lunsford, Andrea A., John J. Ruszkiewicz, and Keith Walters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007. 605-11. Print.

          W. Charisse Goodman, writer of the article “One Picture is Worth a Thousand Diets,” claims media creates a negative stereotype on large women. As Goodman stated, “The women of the media are not only overwhelmingly small but also smiling, self-satisfied, exciting, dynamic, romantically involved, and generally having a splendid time. This is sheer marketing fantasy – and yet, as a society, we buy it, we eat it up, we swallow it as a whole and ask for more” (606). The writer provides accurate evidences to support her claims, which includes movies, television series, and newspaper articles demonstrating the prejudice of society on large women. She explains how fat women are denied of movie roles, such as Kathy Bates, and portrayed negatively on newspapers, such as on a diet advertisement stating, “We’ll help you turn on more than your metabolism” (609).  The writer argues media is a catalyst for the prejudice received by large women in society. Goodman utilized an informative tone and formal language in presenting her claims, to establish a stronger argument and better connection with the audience. Moreover, the writer is reasonable in her argument because she stated her claims and supported them with evidences, which demonstrates deductive reasoning. Furthermore, the writer did not commit any fallacy. Overall, the article convinced me that the media creates a negative stereotype on large women as evidenced by various examples provided throughout the article.

PRO:

Stern, Jane. "Big.” Everything's an Argument: With Readings. Lunsford, Andrea A., John J. Ruszkiewicz, and Keith Walters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007. 601-04. Print.

          Jane Stern, writer of the article “Big,” claims large women should not be inferiorly treated. The writer provides relevant evidences, which includes examples demonstrating the prejudices received by fat women and experiences of Judith Moore, author of the book Fat Girl: A True Story. She explains how Judith Moore “carves out a rather good life for herself” (604), despite her large body shape, and encourages women with large frames to stand against their oppressors by convincing them that they deserve better. Stern utilized a descriptive tone and casual language in presenting her claims, to establish a better connection with her audience. She also appealed to her audience by utilizing Ethos. As stated in her article, “Anyone who grew up fat (and please include your reviewer in this group) will find himself in the chapters that follows” (604). Moreover, the writer is reasonable in her argument because she provides adequate evidences to support her claims. The argument is logical because the writer presents evidences before stating her claims, which demonstrates inductive reasoning. Furthermore, the writer did not commit any fallacy. Overall, the article convinced me that large women receiving prejudices from society should learn to stand up for themselves because all women, regardless of body shape or weight, should be treated equally.

PRO:

Walker, Rob. “Social Lubricant: How a Marketing Campaign Became the Catalyst for a Societal Debate.” Everything's an Argument: With Readings. Lunsford, Andrea A., John J. Ruszkiewicz, and Keith Walters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007. 614-17. Print.

          Rob Walker, writer of the article “Social Lubricant: How a Marketing Campaign Became the Catalyst for a Societal Debate,” claims media as a vital factor in driving public opinion. The writer provides relevant evidences to support his claims, which includes examples and research studies demonstrating the connection between the media and public opinion. As Walker states in his article, “Moreover, as the entertainment side of the media fragments, marketing becomes the one form of communication that permeates everywhere – and is just as effective whether you’ve actually seen the campaign or you simply have an opinion about it based on what you’ve heard” (615).  He explains how Dove’s marketing campaign on its Intensive Firming Lotion depicted large women on its advertisements. The writer argues how the media, such as Dove’s campaign, created an impact on the society’s perspective towards large women. Walker used an objective tone and formal language in presenting his claims, to establish a better connection with his audience. Moreover, the writer is reasonable in his argument because he provides evidences to support his claims. The argument is logical because the writer presents his evidence before stating his claims, which demonstrates inductive reasoning. Furthermore, the writer did not commit any fallacy. Overall, the article convinced me that media plays a significant role in driving public opinion as evidenced by the examples stated.

PRO:

Grabe, Shelly, L. Monique Ward, and Janet Shibley Hyde. "The Role of the Media in Body Image Concerns Among Women: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental and Correlational Studies." Psychological Bulletin, 134.3 (2008): 460-476.

          The writers of the article, “The Role of the Media in Body Image Concerns Among Women: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental and Correlational Studies,” claims the impact of media in physical concerns on women. The writers provide accurate and adequate evidences to support their claims, which includes statistical data and research studies demonstrating how media creates body dissatisfactions on women. They explain how people, who were exposed to the thin-ideal image portrayed on magazines, television, and advertisements, yielded increased body dissatisfaction.  The writers argue that the media’s consistent portrayal of thin-image individuals leads women to create a perception of this image as ideal and central to attractiveness. They utilized an objective tone and formal language in presenting their claims, to establish Ethos, construct a stronger argument, and create a better connection with the audience. Moreover, the writers are reasonable in their argument because they provide sufficient evidences to support their claims. The argument is logical because the writers present evidences before stating their claims, which demonstrates inductive reasoning. Furthermore, the writers did not commit any fallacy. Overall, the article convinced me that exposure to media causes body dissatisfaction on women, as evidenced by the statistical data provided, because it creates a stereotypical image of an ideal appearance.

PRO:

Tiggemann, Marika, and Amy Slater. "NetTweens: The Internet and Body Image Concerns in Preteenage Girls." The Journal of Early Adolescence, 34.5 (2014): 606-620.

          Marika Tiggemann and Amy Slater, writers of the article “NeyTweens: The Internet and Body Image Concerns in Preteenage Girls,” claims the impact of media, specifically the Internet, in body concerns of pre-teenage girls. The writer provides accurate evidences to support their claims, which includes statistical facts demonstrating the effect of Internet exposure in creating body image concerns on pre-teenage girls. They explain how most of their respondents (97.5%) were exposed to the Internet and had lowered body satisfaction and increased diet. The writer argues that the consistent depiction of the thin-woman image on the media affects the body perspectives of women, particularly those on their pre-teenage years. Tiggemann and Slater utilized objective tone and formal language in presenting their claims, to establish a stronger argument and better connection with the audience. Moreover, the writers are reasonable in their argument because they provide sufficient evidences to support their claims. The argument is logical because the writers state their claim and support it with evidences, which demonstrates deductive reasoning. Furthermore, the writer did not commit any fallacy. Overall, the article convinced me that exposure on media, such as the Internet, contributes to the stereotype on the thin-ideal-woman perspective and changes the perspectives of women on their bodies.

PRO:

Spurr, Shelley, Lois Berry, and Keith Walker. "Exploring Adolescent Views of Body Image: The Influence of Media." Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 36.1-2 (2013): 17-36.

          The writers of the article, “Exploring Adolescent Views of Body Image: the Influence of Media,” claims the negative impact of media on adolescent body image. The writers provide accurate and adequate evidences to support their claims, which includes statistical facts and interviews demonstrating the effect of media on their body image perspective. They explain how most of the students yielded a negative response of media on their body image view. As one of the respondents stated, “Every time that I personally, like, watch T.V. or look at magazines or whatever, it makes me feel very bad about myself. So there have been lots of times when I’d, like, stop eating, not completely, but a lot less and I’d just try a bunch of different diets and work out lots”(26-27). The writer argues that the media creates a negative impact on adolescent students’ vie won their body image by pressuring them to conform to the Western views of physical appearance. They utilized an objective tone and formal language in presenting their claims, to establish a better connection with their audience. Moreover, the writers are reasonable in their argument because they provide sufficient evidences to support their claims. The argument is also logical because the writers present their claims and supported them with evidences, which demonstrates deductive reasoning. Furthermore, the writers did not commit any fallacy. Overall, the article convinced me that media creates a Western stereotype body image, especially on women, which affects their perspective on their bodies.

PRO:

Scott, Julie-Ann, and Nicole Cloud. "Reaffirming the Ideal: A Focus Group Analysis of the Campaign for Real Beauty." Advertising & Society Review, 9.4 (2008): .

          Julie-Ann Scott and Nicole Cloud, writers of the article “Reaffirming the Ideal: A Focus Group Analysis of the Campaign for Real Beauty,” claims the impact of media to the beauty standards of women. The writers provide adequate evidences to support their claims, which include examples and interviews demonstrating the effect of media on women’s perspectives. They explain how women are exposed to the media stereotype of a thin-ideal woman, which most of the female population conforms to even though they are aware that it is not the reality. As stated in the article, “though women are influenced every day by glamour images proliferated by the beauty culture market, they continue to invest in these ideal images, knowing full well that the ‘look’ that they purchase is manufactured” (1). Scott and Cloud utilized an informative tone and formal language in presenting their claims, to establish a stronger argument and better connection with the audience. Moreover, the writers are reasonable in their argument because they provide sufficient evidences to support their claims. The argument is logical because the writers present evidences before stating their claims, which demonstrates inductive reasoning. Furthermore, the writers did not commit any fallacy. Overall, the article convinced me that media advertisements, which portray the ideal thin-tall woman stereotype, affects women’s perspectives of their body and affects their standards for what is considered beautiful and attractive.

CON:

Sullivan, Margaret, and Katherine Sender. "Epidemics of Will, Failures of Self-esteem: Responding to Fat Bodies in the Biggest Loser and What Not to Wear." Continuum, 22.4 (2008): 573-584.

          Margaret Sullivan and Katherine Sender, writers of the article “Epidemics of Will, Failures of Self-Esteem: Responding to Fat Bodies in the Biggest Loser and What Not to Wear,” claims the negative response of the audience on media portrayals of large women. The writers provide relevant evidences to support their claims, which include interviews and examples demonstrating the response of viewers on large women in the media. They explain how the public yielded a negative response on television shows, such as The Biggest Loser and What Not to Wear, by portraying obese people as a subject of low self-esteem and inferiority. As the writers stated, “Audiences read the crisis of the obese body in The Biggest Loser and What Not to Wear within two primary frames: in The Biggest Loser being fat is both proof of and produces laziness, a lack of willpower; in What Not to Wear the badly dressed fat body is both the cause and the effect of a failure of self-esteem.”(580). The writers argue that audience reaction to the depiction of the overweight on both shows was largely negative and that viewers condemned the humiliating treatment of the obese. Sullivan and Sender utilize an impartial tone and formal language in presenting their claims, to establish a better connection with the audience. Moreover, the writers are reasonable in their argument because they provide adequate evidences to support their claims. The argument is logical because the writers presents their claims and supports them with evidences, which demonstrates deductive reasoning. Furthermore, the writers did not commit any fallacy. Overall, the article convinced me that the public yield a negative response on television shows, such as The Biggest Loser and What Not to Wear, because it portrays obese individuals as a subject of laziness and low self-esteem.

CON:

Daum, Meghan. “Those Unnerving Ads Using ‘Real’ Women.” Everything's an Argument: With Readings. Lunsford, Andrea A., John J. Ruszkiewicz, and Keith Walters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007. 618-21. Print.

          Meghan Daum, writer of the article “Those Unnerving Ads Using ‘Real’ Women,” claims the connection between privacy and media advertisements portraying large women models. The writer provides relevant evidences to support her claim, which includes examples and analogies. She explains how the advertisements portraying large women are comparable to an individual’s bedroom being displayed in public. The writer argues that the portrayal of large women in the product advertisements created a negative impression on the public, specifically the female gender, by suggesting privacy invasion.  Daum utilized a humorous tone and casual language in presenting her claims, to establish a better connection with the audience. Moreover, the writer is reasonable in her argument because she provides evidences to support her claims. The argument is logical because the writer presents her claims and supported them with evidences, which demonstrates deductive reasoning. However, one fallacy committed by the writer in the article is hasty generalization, which is asserting an opinion based on too little evidence. Throughout the article, Daum only provided an analogy to support her claim of privacy invasion caused by the media advertisement portraying large women models. Overall, the article did not convince me media advertisements, such as those from Dove’s Real Women Campaign, invades the privacy of the audience but rather invoke self-confidence on women, destroy a stereotype, and eliminate the prejudice of the society towards large women.

CON:

Bishop, John Douglas. "Is Self-Identity Image Advertising Ethical?." Business Ethics Quarterly, 10.2 (2000): 371-398.

John Douglas Bishop, writer of the article “Is Self-Identity Image Advertising Ethical?” claims media does not control people’s perspective.           The writer provides relevant evidences to support his claim, which includes examples demonstrating the connection between media and stereotypes. He explains how Chanel and Calvin Klein ads portray models and images yet does not intend to create a stereotype nor influence the public’s view on their own identity. The writer argues that image ads are not false or misleading, and that whether or not they advocate false values is a matter of subjective reflection. Bishop utilized an objective tone and formal language in presenting his claims, to create a stronger argument and establish better connection with the audience. Moreover, the writer is reasonable in his argument because he provides evidences to support his claims. The argument is logical because the writer presents evidences before stating his claims, which demonstrates inductive reasoning. However, a fallacy committed by the writer in the article is hasty generalization, which is asserting an opinion based on little evidence. Overall, the article did not convince me that the media is not responsible for creating an image stereotype because, even though people have the choice of considering an image as appealing, exposure to a specific image, such as the thin ideal woman model, creates a stereotype and suggests conformity towards the public.